Meanwhile, Schindler maintains friendly relations with the Nazis and enjoys wealth and status as "Herr Direktor". Stern ensures that as many Jewish workers as possible are deemed essential to the German war effort to prevent them from being taken by the SS to concentration camps or killed.
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Schindler hires Itzhak Stern, a Jewish official with contacts among black marketeers and the Jewish business community he handles administration and helps Schindler arrange financing. Schindler bribes Wehrmacht (German armed forces) and SS officials, acquiring a factory to produce enamelware. Oskar Schindler, a German member of the Nazi Party from Czechoslovakia, arrives in the city, hoping to make his fortune. In Kraków during World War II, the Nazi Germans force local Polish Jews into the overcrowded Kraków Ghetto. The film was designated as "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress in 2004 and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. In 2007, the American Film Institute ranked Schindler's List 8th on its list of the 100 best American films of all time. The film won numerous other awards, including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globe Awards. It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, and won seven, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score. Often listed among the greatest films ever made, the film received worldwide critical acclaim for its tone, acting (especially Fiennes, Kingsley, and Neeson), atmosphere, and Spielberg's direction it was also a box office success, earning $322 million worldwide on a $22 million budget. and was released on December 15, 1993, in the United States. Schindler's List premiered on November 30, 1993, in Washington, D.C. John Williams composed the score, and violinist Itzhak Perlman performed the main theme.
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Cinematographer Janusz Kamiński wanted to create a sense of timelessness. Spielberg shot in black and white and approached the film as a documentary. Principal photography took place in Kraków, Poland, over 72 days in 1993. Universal Pictures bought the rights to the novel, but Spielberg, unsure if he was ready to make a film about the Holocaust, tried to pass the project to several directors before deciding to direct it. Spielberg became interested when executive Sidney Sheinberg sent him a book review of Schindler's Ark.
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Poldek Pfefferberg, one of the Schindlerjuden, made it his life's mission to tell Schindler's story. Ideas for a film about the Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews) were proposed as early as 1963. It stars Liam Neeson as Schindler, Ralph Fiennes as SS officer Amon Göth and Ben Kingsley as Schindler's Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern. The film follows Oskar Schindler, a German industrialist who saved more than a thousand mostly Polish-Jewish refugees from the Holocaust by employing them in his factories during World War II. It is based on the 1982 historical fiction novel Schindler's Ark by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally. Schindler's List is a 1993 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg and written by Steven Zaillian.